О гласнику Часопис Гласник Етнографског института САНУ објављује оригиналне, претходно необјављене радове: оригинални научни рад, прегледни научни рад, научна критика и полемика, приказ, научна библиографија. Часопис Гласник Етнографског института САНУ доступан је у режиму отвореног приступа. Публиковање у Гласнику Етнографског института САНУ је бесплатно. У часопису Гласник Етнографског института САНУ објављују се радови из области етнологије и антропологије и сродних друштвених и хуманистичких дисциплина. Радови могу бити написани на српском и сродним језицима и на енглеском језику. Радови на српском језику штампају се ћириличним писмом. Гласник Етнографског института САНУ излази минимум два пута годишње. Објављује и специјалне бројеве, са посебном тематиком и гостујућим уредником. Сва издања Гласника Етнографског института САНУ, почевши од првог броја, доступна су на следећој адреси: https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4515
Јан Н. Бремер Иницијација у мистерије античког света
Copyright (c) 2024 ГЛАСНИК ЕТНОГРАФСКОГ ИНСТИТУТА САНУ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Индекс типова српских народних приповедака у дигиталном облику
Anthropological Dimension of the Parable of the Talents (Mt 25, 14–30)
The paper conducts an anthropological study of Jesus’ metaphorical call to his disciples to emulate enslaved individuals who reliably carry out the business interests of their master, as conveyed in his Parable of the Talents (Mt 25, 14- 30). In the first part of the paper, the research is methodologically positioned concerning the relationship between anthropology and the Bible/biblical studies. In the second part, ethnographically collected data on the parable’s meaning is interpreted through the historical context of Matthew’s Christianity. The paper then demonstrates that the metaphor of profit-oriented slavery in the Parable of the Talents served to warn Matthew’s Christians not to falter in the face of adversities during Jesus’ absence and the inherent (Jewish) understanding of messianism. Matthew’s Christians are called by the parable to, like good and faithful slaves, overcome possible fears and urgently participate in bringing all nations into the status of their/Jesus’ disciples (28, 18-20). By showing that anthropological analysis may overcome methodological errors in the scholarly interpretation of the parable/Bible, the paper also aims to promote the contribution of anthropology to biblical studies and the collaboration between the two fields.
Community Mapping Methodology – Researching the Heritage of the Romani Women Emancipation
This paper presents the relatively new – in local framework of humanities rarely applied – method of community mapping is introduced and explored. Community mapping is a participatory research approach that focuses on the needs of social groups, that are evaluated and holistically understood in the process; and used as a ground for designing policies for the further development of community research. The main case study of the analysis is the project – “HEROINES: Heritage of Emancipation – Empowering Roma Women through Networks of Solidarity”, implemented by Institute of Ethnography SASA, Roma Women Center “Bibija” and the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade. The project is supported by the Center for the Promotion of Science (CPN). This citizen’s research project uses community mapping as its main method, with Roma women – as simultaneously marginal and marginalized in the broader society – being the main target group and the main representative of the other in their social reality.
anthropological method of researching othering/the Other
Digital Technologies, Closeness, and Practices of Being Together in the Context of the New Normal in Serbia
At the beginning of 2020, the global community faced a dramatic collapse of everyday life due to the pandemic caused by the emergence of a new coronavirus. The widespread changes in both public and private life led to the breakdown of routines and rhythms of daily life as we knew them, ushering us into a period known as the new normal. One of the main characteristics of life in the new normal has been the requirement for physical distancing and the reduction of physical contacts, or physical isolation. Under these conditions, it has become noticeable that digital technologies have become the primary element and link for establishing and maintaining social connections within the complex network of human sociability, permeating all our social relations and interactions. With this in mind, in this paper, relying on ethnography from a methodological perspective and materially oriented ontology from a theoretical perspective, I will attempt to analyze and present the changes in practices of social connection, specifically the ways in which close social ties (family, friends, and partners) and new social practices and rituals, associated with the increased use of digital technologies under the conditions of the new normal, mutually constitute each other. In this aper, the new normal is perceived as a period of uncertainty and continuous waiting, where waiting is not seen as a form of doing nothing, but rather as activity, as a time filled with a range of different behaviors and emotional reactions, shaped by the changing conditions in which people adapt to livе, creating new practices and routines in the process, while digital technologies are considered integral and equal elements of social connections and worlds, as well as active and intertwined components of everyday life. This work is based on part of the material collected during field research conducted for the purpose of writing a doctoral dissertation.
Triage of the Immigrants at the Golden Gate of the Promised Land: Ellis Island
Between 1892 and 1954, a center for the reception and processing of immigrants, who, especially until the First World War, arrived in large numbers to the USA, was established, under the auspices of the Federal Government. It was located on the tiny Ellis Island, in New York Harbor, where the Hudson and East Rivers meet the Atlantic Ocean, in the immediate vicinity of the Statue of Liberty. Immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe dominated, hoping for a better life than the one they had left behind in their homelands. They were poor, anguished, exhausted and often exiled people of various nationalities, who had additionally suffered inhumane conditions as steerage passengers during the ocean crossing since they could not afford better accommodation. The triage process they were subjected to, crucial for their fate, told through the history of the center and of immigrants, but also of employees, reflected the state of American society in that period: conflicting views on immigration expressed through debates by politicians, experts and members of the academic community, opinions of business circles and the emerging labor unions, writings of the free press and the public opinion, greatly manipulated by groups interested in their own welfare, the passing of legal regulations and their implementation. All this determined the future of the newcomers: would they pass through the Golden Gate to the Promised Land, or would they be deported from the Isle of Tears back to their country of origin? Who was considered eligible to be accepted to the American society, and who was deemed undesirable and even dangerous and therefore rejected? From the immigrants’ point of view, the overseas trip to America and the stay on Ellis Island represented a liminal phase of this crucial rite of passage in their lives, and it is estimated that over 25% and even up to 40% of today’s Americans are the descended of the twelve million settlers who passed through the center during that period.
immigration to the USA in the late 19th and early 20th century
triage of eligible and ineligible immigrants
Hybrid Worlds of Imagination: A Comparative Analysis of Demonological Narratives among Rural Communities in Croatia and Serbia
The co-authored text by Luka Šešo and Danilo Trbojević represents a unique comparative analysis of ethnographic material, relating to the form, role, and status of demonological traditions in rural communities of Croatia and Serbia. The research focuses on the relationship between folklore and the belief systems woven into the traditions of rural communities with varying demographic structures, historical experiences, cultural identities, and social realities centered around the ideas of local ontologies defined by coexistence with supernatural beings and phenomena. These communities are, in the context of this study, viewed through the lens of adaptability to coexistence with the global cultural flows of the postmodern world. Through understanding the impact of the broader social, political, and cultural context on the cultural identity of local communities, the authors aim to contribute to the understanding of the influence of changes (both local and global) in the cultural and social environment on the needs, aspirations, and logics of community members crucial for the survival, form, and status of the world of supernatural beings in rural imagination.
The Underrepresentation of the Ottoman Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Register of Cultural Property of Montenegro
Understanding the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) of the Balkan Peninsula is necessarily linked to comprehending the complex influences rooted in the long-standing dominance of the Ottoman Empire in this region. Given that these influences have significantly shaped various aspects of everyday life, it would be justified for them to be adequately represented in the national ICH registries of Western Balkan countries. However, existing research indicates the underrepresentation of Ottoman ICH elements throughout the region. Previous studies conducted in Serbia have indicated that the underrepresentation of Ottoman ICH may not be solely a consequence of ideology but rather a problem relocated to structural deficiencies in the ICH safeguarding system. Using these studies as a theoretical and methodological framework, the study problematizes the issue of underrepresentation of Ottoman ICH in the cultural heritage registry of Montenegro, after which parallels are drawn in the conclusion between the two ICH protection systems. The results of ethnographic research conducted in the case of Pljevlja prove instructive both for understanding systemic problems in the documentation and protection of Ottoman ICH and for the significance of ethnological-anthropological perspective in advancing the system and sustainable preservation of this intangible cultural heritage shared by all Western Balkan states.
The Issue of Expert Education and Activities in the Field of ICH: The Example of East Sarajevo
Questions about the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in recent years represent not only the mere registration, safeguarding, and sustainability of elements, and the application of the UNESCO Convention, but they also pose the problem of functioning and (lack of) experts in charge of the processes above. Considering the complex situation surrounding the overall political and cultural context of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and thus the adopted Convention and its application, the issue of education and the work of experts in the field of protection of the ICH arise. Based on the “inside” and “outside” view, the paper will try to draw attention to the issues of education and the concrete actions of experts who acquired (and are acquiring) their competencies in different ways. The paper also emphasizes the evident need for changing/supplementing the educational programs of the profile of future experts in culture on the example of East Sarajevo. One of the two existing universities in the Republika Srpska is located in East Sarajevo, recognized as the “student” and “university center of the eastern part of Srpska”. This area is also rich on musical, folkloristic, and cultural level, and one element on the preliminary list of the ICH of Republika Srpska-Bosnia and Herzegovina comes from East Sarajevo. The aim of the paper is, on the one hand, to point out the problem of education and the creation of profiles of experts in culture through different levels of education, and on the other hand, to point out of activity of artists, (un)official experts and associations in culture, observed through the prism of ICH in the area of the City of East Sarajevo.
Challenges of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Safeguarding System in Multiethnic States: The Example of the Serbian Community in Herzegovina
The challenges and problems in the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina are reflected in all the ethnic communities that constitute the country. Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats, as well as members of other communities living in Bosnia and Herzegovina, face a number of obstacles when it comes to identifying, documenting, protecting and promoting their heritage. This is due, on the one hand, to the lack of internal consensus on what is and what is not part of their heritage (dissonant heritage) and, on the other hand, to the complex arrangement of heritage that corresponds to the complex constitutional structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper uses the heritage of Serbs in Herzegovina as a case study to illustrate how the lack of support from central authorities, the weak network of institutional actors and the lack of agreement on cultural issues complicate the processes related to heritage protection. This paper aims to provide an incentive for overcoming the challenges and problems of ICH safeguarding in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to offer some suggestions for reforming the system to make it more inclusive and provide a framework for the protection of all citizens and communities living in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Temptations of the Neoliberal Market
The definition and, more broadly, understanding of the notion of the intangible cultural heritage in the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage is fundamentally laid down from the positions of culture and is based on anthropological and, in general, cultural understandings of heritage. Such an approach does not directly involve the economic aspects of the intangible cultural heritage, even when it relates to its safeguarding. The suppression of the economic aspect is quite expected in the cultural paradigm, but in the world of the dominant market economy, which shapes lifestyles in many societies, it seems like a disregard for reality. The safeguarding of many elements of the intangible heritage is directly correlated with the economic system of the community that practice some intangible cultural heritage. Here, the basic principles of safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage in given economic conditions are problematized, i.e. safeguarding risk factors that come from the economic sphere of life of the community that is the bearer of cultural practices. The paper seeks to consider through an economic perspective the collision of striving towards the preservation of cultural heritage and the need of the community to survive in given economic and social circumstances. It is based on research into the culture of economic behaviour and intangible cultural heritage, and the basic approach is economic anthropological.
Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and Museums – Between the Administrative Framework and Museum Practice in Serbia
The adoption of the Convention of Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, as well as the establishment of the concept of the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage, contributed to the reconsideration of tasks of museums and to the inclusion оф museums in the system of safeguarding of living heritage. The paper analyzes the framework that was established at the international and national levels, implementation of administrative measures and outlines new responsibilities assigned to museums. The aim of the paper is to review the ways and implications of introducing the concept of safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage into museum practice in Serbia, focusing on the challenges that are faced by the work to safeguard cultural heritage in collaboration with communities in the context of identifying, researching, recording, and presenting ICH.
Towards an Integrative Approach to the Safeguarding of Living Heritage: Programmes of the Center for the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Serbia and the Ethnographic Museum in Belgrade
The inscription of the element of living heritage in the National Registry of Intangible Cultural Heritage, which is managed by the Center for the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Serbia at the Ethnographic Museum in Belgrade, can be observed as just one step in the work on safeguarding social practices and skills, transmitted from generation to generation, that have been maintained to this day and represent an important constituent of identity of the communities and groups of practitioners. Although safeguarding of living heritage depends primarily on the willingness of the bearers to work on further recreation and transmission of knowledge and skills, cooperation between those who inherit this heritage and custodian institutions can contribute to raising awareness of the importance of further practicing of ICH and increase in number of bearers. Starting from the UNESCO concept of living heritage, I will systematically present programmes of the Center for the Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Ethnographic Museum, which are aimed at establishing and strengthening cooperation with bearers, local communities, as well as other interested parties in order to work together on presentation and education about the elements of living heritage. Therewithal, I will analyze these safeguarding programmes in the broader context of changes that have occurred in contemporary museology, which include consideration and redefinition of the role of museums in society, expansion of spectrum of museum activities, and transformation of museum audiences from passive observers to active participants and creators of content.
Anthropological Research on Intangible Cultural Heritage: Local Challenges and Practices – Introduction
The issue entitled Anthropological Research of Intangible Cultural Heritage: Local Challenges and Practices contains seven papers in which the authors consider various aspects of the intangible cultural heritage system that researchers have noted in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Croatia. The papers highlight the administrative and organizational aspect of intangible cultural heritage, as well as the problems of practical research, documenting and registration of certain cultural elements in national registers.
Бој се стара Турчина и млада Србина: турско-српске паремиолошке паралеле
Imagining the Monstrous Other: An Introduction to the Research on the Medicalized Undead
Monsters are liminal subjects, whose ambivalent position challenges culturally established distinctions between the normal and abnormal, the ordered and disordered, and the healthy and unhealthy. They blur the lines between self and other, the familiar and the unfamiliar, and the “us” versus “them.” The indeterminacy of these categories embodies itself in what we term „human monsters” — Individuals transformed into monsters after death. These undead figures display the terrifying consequences of their transformation, primarily through their uncanny appearance and identity characteristics. This paper serves as an introduction to various perspectives on monstrous Others and the medicalization of the undead (mainly zombies). It aims to formulate initial hypotheses for researching the impacts of disease, death, and monstrous transformation, including bodily, identity, and cognitive characteristics that determine and redefine our understanding of monstrosity and humanity.
On the Change of Hodonyms of Sjenica from the Onomastic and Sociolinguistic Aspect
From the onomastic and sociolinguistic aspect, this work examines the way of changing of hodonyms of Sjenica, considering the decision which was made in this city in 2019. which said that each street should have its own name (unlike the previous situation which meant that several different sections of space, that could be called streets, had the same name).The result of that was the increase of hodonyms in Sjenica from 51 to 204. By using on the spot work and analytical statistical method (which included the examination of material obtained on the spot), it was obvious that there were 24 hodonyms left, and on the other hand, 180 of 204 new names were completely new hodonyms. Considering that Sjenica is a multinational environment, it was important to notice the role of Serbian on one and Bosnian-Muslim provenance on the other side. It is very important to say that when we think of the issue from the linguistic point of view, it was examined to what extent the hodonyms of toponymic and anthroponymic origin are represented. It was also examined into which sphere of history and life we can place street names of anthroponymic origin.
Women’s Emancipation and Middlebrow Culture in the Ljubica P. Radoičić’s Novelistic Oeuvre
This paper’s starting point is to examine the evolution of the novelistic oeuvre of Ljubica P. Radoičić (1914–1991), which consists of the novels The Blood Wakes Up (1932), Dana Račić (1938) and One-Storey Houses (1954). Relying on the previous research related to the life and work of the author, and Jelena Milinković’s theoretical explanations of interwar women’s (popular) novels, the paper initially indicates the atypical position of each of the mentioned novels within the current novel production at the time of publication. The paper does this primarily concerning the atypical features of the main character, the uncommon emancipatory (pseudo-feminist) discourse, and, the peculiarity of narrative style built between the spheres of highbrow and popular literature. The paper aims to determine the position of each novel concerning the subgenres that inspired the author: romance, female Bildungsroman, serial adventure novel, and 19th-century naturalistic (family) novel. Based on the given analysis, the concluding thesis of the paper suggests that the most comprehensive methodological approach to the given novelistic oeuvre is possible to find in the frame and analytical concepts of middlebrow literature and middlebrow culture. The three novels’ narrative devices, style, and characterization appear less atypical and more meaningful in this methodological and transnational frame.
Channels of Iranian Pastoral Nomads on the YouTube Network: Video Narratives of the Life of the Lori (Lur) Bakhtiari Tribal People and Ethnic Group
This paper is based on a qualitative analysis of the content of video narratives on YouTube channels of the so-called Iranian nomads from the Lor Bakhtiari ethnic group. The main question underlying the research is what an anthropologist as a viewer and an impartial bystander can learn from these amateur videoformats, which can be included in the genre of domestic folk films about the daily life and customs of the pastoral, partially sedentarized, (semi)nomads in southwest Iran. This way of documenting the daily practices of nomadic families and clans is primarily an alternative way of making money on YouTube, but it is also an ethnocultural promotion of the Lor Bakhtiari ethnic and tribal group and a tourist advertisement of their homeland – mountain villages and seasonal camps in the Zagros region, Lordegan district and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Observing the films of Iranian videographers who themselves belong to the culture of Lor Bakhtiari was the reason for the anthropologist to start getting acquainted with academic ethnology and anthropology in Iran, which belongs to those national traditions of the discipline that are located on the periphery of the world’s main, predominantly Western, centers of socio-cultural anthropology
video channels of Iranian pastoral nomads
ethnocultural representation and touristic self-promotion
Aristotelian Scholia in the Serbian Church-Slavonic Translation of Gregory Palamas’ “Apodictic Treatises on the Procession of the Holy Spirit”
The Serbian Church-Slavonic translation of Gregory Palamas’ “Apodictic Treatises on the Procession of the Holy Spirit” was made around 1360. The autograph of this translation, preserved in Codex 88 of the monastery Dečani, contains significant number of scholia, which help us additionally to follow the process of translating and commenting of Palamas’ basic text. In this paper I will focuss on two of those scholia which reveal the philosophical thread of Palamas’ (theological) argumentation – first of all, the Aristotelian one. After the basic information on the significance of the Serbian Church-Slavonic translation of Palamas’ “Apodictic Treatises” is provided, these scholia are given in the original and translation into Modern Serbian, being also accompanied by our comments and clarifications.
The Greek Shamans, the Scythian Psychonauts and the Spirit of Eranos
The paper provides a critical review of the influential theory on shamanistic elements in the religion of the ancient Greeks of the archaic period. The theory was developed during the first half of the 20th century, mainly through the efforts of classical philologists Karl Meuli and E. R. Dodds, and is based on the thesis that, during the colonization of the Black Sea coast, the Greeks adopted from the Scythians a specific form of ecstatic religiosity that was previously unknown to them. Meuli and Dodds characterized this form of religiosity as shamanistic, recognizing its patterns in a wide range of Greek mythological and legendary figures and historical personalities. By analyzing the theoretical premises and methodological approaches of these scholars, as well as the scientific community’s feedback, I aim to contextualize the thesis of Greek shamanism more closely within the intellectual currents of the twentieth century and earlier periods. My conclusion is that this thesis must be viewed in the broader context of the desacralization of contemporary society, indicating a strong interweaving of personal, non-scientific, and religious beliefs with academic studies of religions.
The following research is based on the existing contributions in the domain of the memory studies and notion of fine difference between processes of memorising, remembering and forgetting. After a brief introduction to the meaning of terms crucial for the cultural memory and their use in the identity construction process, this theoretical frame will be further analysed through the observation of my grandmothers’, Ashkenazi-born Belgradian, family photo album as a particular figure of memory. Realizing that this photo album does not reveal neither one image of Holocaust and tragic memories, while my grandmother did remember these, a contribution to the cultures of memory theory will be offered and explained through the metaphor of caftan. When unaccepted, it seems as we create robes to hide fragments of our identity under the caftan, everything our social surrounding would not like, or aspects about ourselves we do not want to present. Proposing this term to the cultural memory studies, caftanism would refer to the socially constructed oblivion, which is completely different than the real, literal forgetting.
Serbs in the Petrinja district - Historiographical and Ethnographic Overview (part II)
The author in the text, based on archival material, literature and narrator’s testimony, provides information about the elements of the national identity of the Serbs of the Petrinja region. In particular, it deals with the Orthodox religion and the narrator’s memories of everyday life during socialism, the last war (1991-1995) and the nowadays. The text also provides demographic data of Serbs population in the Petrin region.
Folk Dances as a Happening of Coming Together in the Streets of Athens
The focus of this work, based on my long-term field research in Athens, is the use of open urban spaces (parks, parking lots, and streets) as a gathering place for citizens to practice traditional folk dances.1 The research focuses on dance events organized by informal groups of citizens, not by institutions. Results show that there is a significant presence of folk dances in the streets and parks of Athens. The paper gives special attention to the periodic dance gatherings on the occasion of the Klidonas holiday (June 23/24), International Bagpipe Day (March 10) and Tsampounoglenti in honour of Saint Demetrius (October 26). The paper especially analyzes various aspects of these dance activities, their role in the lives of the participants and at the level of the wider social community. The participants themselves emphasize the importance of folk dances in overcoming alienation, establishing interpersonal connections, and strengthening neighborly relations.
Barriers and Trust: Perceptions of the Healthcare System аmong Roma Mothers in Serbia
This research aims to deepen the understanding of the barriers and challenges faced by Roma parents, particularly mothers, in accessing pediatric services in Serbia. The study found that distrust in the healthcare system, alongside cultural norms favoring traditional knowledge over medical advice, are key factors influencing Roma mothers’ healthcare decisions for their children. While pediatric services are generally perceived positively, significant infrastructural obstacles, especially in rural areas, hinder access to healthcare facilities. Special attention is given to the role of trust between healthcare workers and Roma mothers, with pediatricians often seen as crucial allies in safeguarding children’s health. The research highlights the need for improved communication and cultural sensitivity when working with the Roma community to foster greater trust in the healthcare system and enhance health outcomes for Roma families. Additionally, it underscores the importance of addressing structural inequalities that contribute to negative experiences.
Copyright (c) 2025 ГЛАСНИК ЕТНОГРАФСКОГ ИНСТИТУТА САНУ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
ГЛЄТЬ ар(Ї)стотель. Further Examples of Aristotelian scholia in Serbian Church-Slavonic Translation of Gregory Palamas’ “Apodictic Treatises on the Procession of the Holy Spirit”
The Serbian Church-Slavonic translation of Gregory Palamas’ “Apodictic Treatises on the Procession of the Holy Spirit” contains a large number of scholia. Their main intention is to clarify the Orthodox teaching on the procession of the Holy Spirit. In some of them, the translator, both in terms of content and origin, brings to light certain segments from Aristotle’s philosophy that are only implicitly present in the basic text. In this paper I give some of these scholia in the original and Modern Serbian translation, along with my own comments regarding each of them.
Beyond the Network. A Critical Inquiry into the Limits of the Actor-Network Theory
This article critically examines the limitations and challenges of ActorNetwork Theory (ANT) in contemporary social theory. Originally developed as a response to structuralist and constructivist paradigms, ANT offered a radical methodological alternative, emphasizing actor-relationality and emergent networks over predefined so-called social structures. While this approach has significantly shaped disciplines such as Science and Technology Studies (STS), political sociology, and environmental governance, it has also faced sustained criticism. Critics argue that ANT’s refusal to engage with structural determinants, macro-political constraints, and historical asymmetries limits its explanatory power, particularly in relation to domination, hierarchy, and systemic inequalities. This article explores whether ANT can evolve beyond its descriptive commitments to address these concerns without compromising its core principles. Through an analysis of power asymmetries, digital governance, and ecological crises, the article interrogates whether ANT can reconcile empirical inquiry with critical engagement. Ultimately, it argues that ANT’s future depends on its ability to navigate the tension between methodological openness and theoretical reflexivity, raising broader questions about the limits of a theory that seeks to expand beyond the very epistemological constraints that define it.